# Stochastic cellular automata - algorithm limited by 1 cell per timestep

### Context

Let's say I am trying to model the spread of mold in a petri dish, using a stochastic cellular automata approach. The petri dish can be thought of as a grid of 1mm x 1mm squares, each called a Cell. Each square has a value for the kind of food that is present there, and the probability of mold spreading into that Cell is based on some numerical value that can be derived from the food that is present.

We seed the dish by saying that a certain Cell has gotten some mold on it. We then iterate over a series of timesteps. Let's say each timestep is 1 minute. Within each timestep, we iterate over every Cell that has mold on it. And for every one of those Cells, we iterate over the neighbors of the Cell in its Moore neighborhood. Based on the fuel for each neighbor, we decide whether or not it is likely in that step for the mold to spread. Here is a quick visualization of $$t_0$$ and $$t_1$$:

In this image, the light background colors represent data in each Cell about what food is present. The left image represents $$t_0$$, where a single Cell is chosen to have mold. In the right image, we have iterated one timestep, and a few of the neighbors of that Cell are calculated to have had mold spread into them. Taking this further, we can imagine a few more timesteps:

And voila, the mold is spreading.

With this type of model, the rate of spread (RoS) of mold emerges from the iterative process. For food sources that are less likely to let mold spread, the RoS will be lower, while for food sources that are more likely to let it spread, the RoS will be greater.

Now let's say that for various food sources, RoS has been empirically measured. To keep it concrete, a quick table for rate of spread for the 3 foods is here:

food type RoS (empirically measured)
pink food 10 mm per hour
light pink food 5 mm per hour
green food 80 mm per hour
blue food (not shown) 400 mm per hour

### The problem

I need to actually derive the most likely probability ($$p$$) for each type of food, such that the derived probability will create a model where the correct RoS emerges. A quick table with some derivations:

food type RoS $$p$$
pink food 10 mm/hour 0.16
light pink food 5 mm/hour 0.08
green food 80 mm/hour 1.33
blue food (not shown) 800 mm/hour 13.3

So for pink food: after 60 timesteps (1 hour), if each Cell has a chance of 16% to grow mold, then roughly 10 Cells in a straight line will have grown mold, creating an emergent 10mm/hour RoS. Obviously there will be some variation, but that's fine.

The issue arises when the rate of spread is greater than a CellSize / TimestepInterval. In this example, the maximum speed that can be achieved is 1mm per minute, or 60mm per hour. Which means the model will never be able to accurately mimic the 80 mm/hour or 800 mm/hour spread of green or blue food.

### Potential solutions

Clearly some of the assumptions that the algorithm relies on need to be changed. Some options I've been considering are:

#### 1. Change the timestep interval

I could make a timestep interval smaller, i.e. on the order of seconds. If I take this approach, the TimestepInterval must be made small enough so that CellSize / TimestepInterval is always smaller than the maximum RoS of any of my fuel types. The probability values would also need to be adjusted to account for this. I'd prefer to avoid this, because in the case of blue food, I'd need a TimestepInterval of less than a second - this increases the algorithms computational burden by more than a factor of 10, and is wasteful is food areas with lower RoS

#### 2. Allow for more than 1 Cell spread within a given Timestep

The model I've described assumes that within a Timestep, mold can spread from one cell to its neighbors, and that's it. It cannot spread from a neighbor to the neighbor's neighbors within a single Timestep. However, if I allowed for this, mold could potentially spread multiple Cells in a row within a given timestep, thus creating a higher RoS to match the measured values.

I've been thinking about how I could still consider $$p$$ as this happens. For example, for $$t_x$$, we iterate over all currently molded Cells. For any one of these Cells, each called $$C_0$$, we iterate over all first-level neighbors, called $$N_0$$.

• If $$p$$ of each $$N_0$$ is less than 1, we roll the dice, see if that neighbor Cell molds, and stop.
• If $$N_0$$ is greater than 1, we set that neighor Cell to molding, but then we iterate again over each of $$N_0$$'s neighbors, to a round of $$N_1$$ (again, all still within the same timestep $$t_x$$). Now for each $$N_1$$, we check $$p$$ at that cell.
• If it is less than 1, we roll the dice, see if it molds, and stop the iteration.
• However, if $$p$$ at $$N_1$$ is greater than 1, we take $$p$$ at $$N_1$$, subtract 1 (because $$N_0$$ already "ate up" the probably of spread with the previous iteration).
• If $$p$$ at $$N_1$$ is greater than 2, we continue on to $$N_2$$ - the neighbors of $$N_1$$. We apply the same logic. If $$p$$ of $$N_2$$ - 2 is less than 1, roll the dice, and stop. If its greater than 1, we continue on to $$N_3$$, and so on. If $$p$$ of $$N_m$$ is greater than $$m$$, we subtract $$m$$, and follow this same iteration.
• We continue this iteration over the neighbors until $$p$$ of all $$N_m$$ dwindles to 1. Once that happens, the $$t_x$$ ends and we continue on to $$t_{x+1}$$.

I am more inclined to go with this second route, as it only causes additional iterations and calculations where needed.

### Thoughts?

Are there better solutions to this issue that rate of spread in a cellular automata model is limited by CellSize / TimestepInterval? Am I totally off base here?

I hope I am not in the wrong place, I came here as recommended by the question Where should I post questions about algorithms: Stack Overflow or Software Engineering?. Thanks for enteraining this question, just writing it all out has helped me organize thoughts.

I'd need a TimestepInterval of less than a second - this increases the algorithms computational burden by more than a factor of 10, and is wasteful is food areas with lower RoS.

Nonetheless, your existing, simple model is mathematically defensible, easy to explain, and easy to debug.

Therefore, I'd recommend that you work on improving the performance of your simple model rather than trying to do something clever like having mold spread multiple spatial units within a single timestep (which sounds suspiciously like violating the Courant condition).

## Existing Algorithm

for each cell c in cells:
if c is moldy:
for all neighbours n of c:
does n become moldy too?


## Slightly Improved Algorithm

We can improve this slightly like so:

mold_cells = List({Initially moldy cells})
for t in timesteps:
for each cell c in mold_cells:
if c is moldy:
for all neighbours n of c:
if n becomes moldy too:
make n moldy
put n into mold_cells


So now we've gone from considering all cells to considering only moldy cells. But we can do better.

## O(N) Algorithm

Since the normal->mold is a one-way transition we only really need to consider the boundary cells:

mold_boundary = List({Initially moldy cells})
for t in timesteps:
for each cell c in mold_boundary:
if c is moldy:
boundary_cell = False
for all neighbours n of c:
if n becomes moldy too:
make n moldy
put n into mold_boundary
elif n is not moldy:
boundary_cell = True
if boundary_cell is False:
remove c from mold_boundary  # Be careful to make this an O(1) operation


Now we're only considering the perimeter of the mold.

In a homogeneous medium you'd expect the number of mold cells to grow as πr². Considering only the boundary cells gets you to 2πr. So using this algorithm effectively takes you from a O(N²) calculation to an O(N) calculation per timestep. This should, as your process continues, give you the >10x speed-up you need to shorten your timestep. (I use a similar technique in this paper to get a 100x speed-up over a previous algorithm similar to the one you describe.)

Note that in the case of taking $$t$$ timesteps we've moved from an O(tN²) algorithm to an O(tN) algorithm.

## Clever Algorithm

We can do even better.

The handy-wavy intuition here is that at the moment you're simulating $$f(x) = dx/dt ≈ ∆x/∆t$$. You take a small time step ∆t and estimate the change in population as $$∆x ≈ f(x)∆t$$. This is essentially Euler's method. Alternatively, what if you fixed a quantity $$∆x$$ (such as a population growth of one individual)? Then the time for that change to occur can be estimated as $$∆t ≈ ∆x/f(x)$$. This gives you Gillespie's method.

Note that each of your mold cells represents a Poisson process because each nonmold-mold cell pair satisfies these conditions:

1. Events occur singly.
2. The rate of occurrence of events is constant.
3. The incidence of future events is independent of the past.

Call the probability of mold spreading from a mold to a nonmold cell $$\lambda$$. Then the time between events is drawn from an exponential distribution parameterized by $$\lambda$$.

This gives us a new algorithm:

mold_next = PriortyQueue({Initially moldy cells each flagged to t=0})
while mold_next is not empty and t<max_timestep:
c = pop(mold_next)
if c is moldy:  # Very important
continue at next iteration of while loop
make c moldy
for all neighbours n of c:
add n to mold_next at a time drawn from exp(λ)


The priority queue used in this algorithm is a basic data structure you should know and cherish, though a calendar queue may be more efficient for some purposes. This paper describes other ways of spacing events in scientific simulations.

Note that adding or removing an item from a priority queue takes O(log N) time. So on the whole you now have a (roughly) O(t log N) algorithm.

• Wow...you've anticipated several other aspects of my algorithm that I didn't even mention. Based on my Q, your assumption that not-moldy → moldy being a one-way transition is good...but its not so in my real algorithm. After a certain number of timesteps, and the food type, that Cell will transition to a third state, let's call it "eaten", meaning the mold has eaten the food and died. So for each timestep, I loop over all moldy cells, not only to determine if neighbors will become moldy, but also to determine if the mold has eaten all the food and the cell can never be moldy again Aug 26 at 19:26
• Your idea of taking only the "perimeter cells" is extremely useful. Determining the perimeter cells of the active mold for each timestep is actually something I need to do as well, I havent even gotten to thinking about how yet (concave hull maybe?). I'll mull over your concept of determining whether the cell is part of the mold_boundary list, bc I really need that! Thirdly, the mold example is just an example. My algorithm is not about mold at all, but also about GIS-based processes that utilize raster DEM (and other raster) data. Thank you for linking your article, it gives me hope! Aug 26 at 19:30
• @SethLutske: Note that I've updated my answer to include an even more efficient algorithm. This should be able to easily handle the transition to "eaten". Feel free to ping me via email (see richard.science) if you'd like a more in-depth discussion. Aug 26 at 19:37