# Simple FEniCS problem shape mismatch

EDIT: THE ORIGINAL POST DID NOT MAKE MUCH SENSE, SO I ADJUSTED IT

Ok, so I have thought about it, googled it and put some more thought into it. This presentation by the Imperial College in London has a nice example in it, on page 8, Burgers Equations. The first part of their code reads like this:

from dolfin import*

n = 30
mesh = UnitInterval(n)
V = FunctionSpace(mesh, "CG",2)
ic = project(Expression("sin(2*pi*x[0])"), V)
u = Function(ic)
u_next = Function(V)
v= TestFunction(V)
nu = Constant(0.0001)
timestep = Constant(1.0/n)

F1 = ((u_next - u)/timestep*v)*dx


On my system this code fails, giving shape mismatch errors for the sums F2 and F3. I don't understand why.

• Are you sure that is the correct equation? u grad(u) = 0? That's a vector-valued equation for a scalar variable. – Anders Logg May 27 '13 at 17:09
• sorry, I'm being really sloppy here. what I mean is $\vec{u} ( \nabla \cdot \vec{u}) = 0$. I'll adjust it. – seb May 27 '13 at 17:23
• @AndersLogg ok, I realize that this doesn't make too much sense. I need to put more thought into it. – seb May 27 '13 at 17:26
• Read UFL manual. – Jan Blechta May 28 '13 at 17:47

So the problem is that FEniCS doesn't recognize that in 1D, u and grad(u) have the same shape. (You could file an issue about this on the Dolfin issue tracker.)

If you replace grad by div, your code works. (The general form of the inviscid Burgers equation is $\mathop{\mathrm{div}}(u^2) = f$.)

• I guess this is not issue. u is rank 0, shape () but grad(u) is rank 1, shape (1,). This is consistent and is consistetly solved by using div(u) instead of grad(u). – Jan Blechta May 28 '13 at 17:42
• On the other hand F3 = (nu*dot(grad(v), grad(u_next)))*dx is valid in arbitrary dimension. – Jan Blechta May 28 '13 at 17:47

If your domain is one dimensional you should use:

mesh = UnitIntervalMesh(10)


For partial derivative in x direction use:

u.dx(0)


The error is in the line

a = inner(inner(nabla_grad(u),u),v)*dx


Here you take the inner product between the vector nabla_grad(u) and the scalar u. That does not make sense.

• ok, so how would I tell fenics to take the derivative with respect to x instead of the gradient?, i.e. a = (d/dx u)*uvdx ? – seb May 27 '13 at 17:20

Thanks for all the tips and hints. So after some dist-upgrading, debugging, manual reading, I finally got this script running. I'm including my solution here, just for the sake of completeness. Note that this code models the inviscid Burgers equations in one dimension.

from dolfin import*

n = 100
mesh = UnitIntervalMesh(n)
#mesh = IntervalMesh(500,-1.,10.)
V = FunctionSpace(mesh,'CG',1)
u = Function(V)
u0 = Expression("1./(sqrt(2*pi)*0.1) * exp(-0.5*pow((x[0]-0.5),2)/0.01)")
u.interpolate(u0)

u_next = Function(V)
v = TestFunction(V)

nu = Constant(0.01)
timestep = Constant(0.01)

F = ((u_next-u)/timestep*v
+ inner(u_next.dx(0)*u_next, v))*dx
bc = DirichletBC(V, 0.0, "on_boundary")

t = 0.0
end =10
while(t <= end):
solve(F==0, u_next, bc)
u.assign(u_next)
t+=float(timestep)
plot(u)
interactive()