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I've successfully implemented a 1D DG code with non-normalized Legendre basis and I've now moved onto developing a 2D code using tensor products. For my 2D code I've chosen to have normalized Legendre polynomials,i.e.

$$ L_{0}(x) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}\\ L_{1}(x) = \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} x. $$

My question is: If we normalize the Legendre polynomials, do I also have to normalized my Gauss-Legendre weights as well? Or do we only normalized the polynomials in terms of the basis?

subroutine GaussQuad (xq,wq,n)
use parameters 
implicit none 
integer :: n
real(kind=8),dimension(n) :: xq,wq

integer :: i,iter
real(kind=8) :: xx
real(kind=8) :: legendre,dlegendre

do i=1,n
 xx = cos(dpi*(i - 0.25d0)/(n + 0.5d0))

 do iter=1,500
    xx = xx - legendre(xx,n)/dlegendre(xx,n)
 end do

 xq(i) = xx
 wq(i) = (2.0*dble(n) + 1.0)*2.0d0/((1.0d0-xx**2.0)*dlegendre(xx,n)**2.0)
end do
end subroutine GaussQuad

In order for my 2D code to work I need to use the normalized Legendre polynomials in the Gauss quadrature routine along with the $2n + 1$ normalization on the weights (see how its been added to wq(i)). However, I only got this to work due to an ad hoc guess. I would like to avoid this as I don't personally understand why this is required for my solver to work.

EDIT 4/1/2020:

  1. In my code, I do all my operations in the reference element. In fact, double checked and my Gauss-Legendre points values are within $[-1,+1]$ and my weights also sum to 2.
  2. To map from physical space to the reference space, I use the following $$ X(\eta) = \frac{x_{i} - x_{i-1}}{2} \eta + \frac{x_{i} + x_{i-1}}{2}\\ Y(\zeta) = \frac{y_{j} - y_{j-1}}{2} \zeta + \frac{y_{j} + y_{j-1}}{2} $$
  3. To integrate the volume fluxes I use a tensor product Gauss-Legendre scheme with $M^{2}$ points

    do ix=1,nx
     do iy=1,ny
      do i=1,mx
       do j=1,my
        do inode=1,mx
          do jnode=1,my
           call Flux(un(:,ix,iy,inode,jnode),FFlux,GFlux)
    
           flux_vol1(:,ix,iy,i,j) = flux_vol1(:,ix,iy,i,j) + &
           & 0.5*FFlux(:)* &
           & dlegendre(xg(inode),i-1)*& 
           & legendre(xg(jnode),j-1)*&
           & wg(inode)*&
           & wg(jnode)
    
           flux_vol2(:,ix,iy,i,j) = flux_vol2(:,ix,iy,i,j) + &
           & 0.5*GFlux(:)* &
           & dlegendre(xg(jnode),j-1)*&
           & legendre(xg(inode),i-1)*&
           & wg(inode)* &
           & wg(jnode)
         end do
        end do
       end do
      end do
     end do
    end do
    

Above is a snippet in how I perform the tensor product quadrature. I'm a little confused on why removing the normalizing of the Gauss quadrature is causing such severe results.
Solution:

The standard way of computing tensor products is $$ u_{h}(x,y) = \sum_{k = 0}^{N} \sum_{l = 0}^{M} u_{ij}(t) \phi_{k}(x) \phi_{l}(y) (1), $$ The tensor product formula adapted in the last two papers are $$ U_{h}(x,y) = \sum_{k=0}^{\frac{1}{2}(k + 1)(k + 2)} u_{ij}^{k}(t) \phi_{k}(x,y) (2) $$ Is there a reason to use formula (1) over formula (2)? Mathematically, they seem both correct.

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    $\begingroup$ Quadrature weights/nodes do not depend on the normalisation of the basis functions. They depend on your reference interval. Usually it is [-1,1] since Legendre are defined on this interval and the weights then sum to 2. But if you use the reference interval as [0,1], then you must map the nodes to lie in this interval and weights must be scaled to sum to unity. $\endgroup$
    – cfdlab
    Commented Apr 1, 2020 at 6:45
  • $\begingroup$ That makes sense. I included some more info to maybe help illustrate my problem. Its quite perplexing. BTW the PDE i'm solving is 2D linear advection with a Gaussian pulse (very smooth). $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 1, 2020 at 16:02
  • $\begingroup$ My answer was only about using Legendre as basis in which case normalisation does not matter. I see that you are trying to compute the weights yourself. In this case, the weights do depend on the normalisation. The formulae e.g., here en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_quadrature#Gauss–Legendre_quadrature are without normalisation. The weights are also given in this site, you can directly use them as they are exact. $\endgroup$
    – cfdlab
    Commented Apr 2, 2020 at 3:02
  • $\begingroup$ Hi CFD Lab. I managed to fix my issue. I have included what I did along with a side question. $\endgroup$ Commented Apr 8, 2020 at 16:05
  • $\begingroup$ Both types can be used in DG since there are no continuity requirements. Tensor product polynomials are normally used on quadrilateral/hexahedral elements. The other type are used on any type of elements. It is better to ask this as a new question, maybe somebody else will give more insight. $\endgroup$
    – cfdlab
    Commented Apr 9, 2020 at 5:00

1 Answer 1

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Per the regulations of Stack Exchange. I have included the "answer" to my question.

So I managed to fix my problem. First, off I was missing a factor of 0.5 when calculating the surface integral. Additionally, I am using the following normalization $\phi(x) = \sqrt{2m + 1} L(\xi)$.

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